نشریه آفاق الحضاره الاسلامیه
سال بیست و سوم شماره 2 (الخریف و الشتاء 2021)

Undoubtedly, language has an important role in tourism marketing in various areas of advertising, service and customer influencing and is an important tool in how to communicate with the tourist and attract and retain him / her. The Arabic language and its cultural and Islamic heritage can boost the tourism sector and attract Arab-speaking tourists to Iran, especially Mashhad. The use of this language as a communication tool in the field of tourism as the language of the Islamic Ummah and the use of its civilizational and Islamic aspects can preserve the position of this language and Islamic culture in the face of the danger of globalization of other languages ​​and on the other hand the development and The flourishing of tourism industry in Mashhad. This study aims to study the role of Arabic language and its civilization function in tourism field of Mashhad through descriptive-analytical method. The need to pay attention to the tourism sector and its prosperity as a fledgling and currency-based industry, relying on the role of the Arabic language in its development, explains the need for such research. The results of this study show that Arabic language and Islamic civilization have four important functions in the tourism industry. Its effective function is in the field of e-marketing. Its communication function is manifested in the interaction of human resources of different tourism sectors with Arabic-speaking tourists. The organized and guiding function of the language makes the traveler comfortable in touring tourist sites and influences his behavior. The fourth function of the Arabic language and its civilizational burden is manifested in the diversity of tourism products in the city of Mashhad.

Istizlal for mohrem men (consecrated pilgrims) under Iztiraar (restlessness) and its islamic jurisprudential principles in terms of defining law (al-hukm al-Taklifi) and declaratory laws (ahkam al-wad'i) are subjects required to be explored from the perspective of the jurisprudence of Islamic schools. If Iztiraar ensues, a mohrem man can use a canopy but the atonement must be paid for, whether the action is taken on one’s own volition. The critical difference between volition and Iztiraar lies in the act of willing one commits sin; however, the perpetrator under Iztiraar is not entitled to retributions. The sanctity Abjection (Tazleel) assigns to an individual with reasonable capability, not to one who lacks ability to accomplish usual practices under urgent conditions such as illness, coldness, and so forth. The current study aims to explicate Istizlal under Iztiraar from the perspective of the five schools of Islamic thoughts (mazahib). However, the research presents an analysis of such newly-discussed issues as Istizlal and its subjectology from the perspective of the Islamic sects which have not been broadly discussed in the literature of this field.

Poetry is an inspiring means that indicates the human being's life and their psychological statuses and it reveals the inner side of people. And, to communicate with others it depends on the creative discourse that fulfill the semantic purposes. So, poets used different effective techniques to transfer their thoughts and feelings to the reader and to communicate with him. The Ommani poet Said Al-Saqlawi is one of thos poets that used the creative-communicative discourse to express the inner side of people's life. In this study, we chose the poet "the cry of the child" to be the case because it has a rebellious discourse and it is a humanitarian process and a sympathetic attitude to the oppressed people of Palestine. The poet used aesthetics beside the creative texts to impress the reader and to capture his heart. He applied linguistic means that transfer the poet's emotions to the reader and guarantee the communication process.       This descriptive analytical study surveyed the significant creative techniques that made the reader interact in the communication process such as cinematic discourse, press discourse, and convincing discourse. And, the study is to discover the creative techniques that support the text with semantic meanings to communicate with the reader. We concluded that the poet Said Al-Saqlawi in this creative poem tried to effect the reader to take a honourable stand with Palestinian case and the children's suffering. That is why he used a bunch of rousing and motivating means.

“Multilingualism” is a natural, humanly, and historical phenomenon, because human being is not needless of the reciprocal understanding resulting from language. The present study investigates the phenomenon of multilingualism and its effect on writing, the extent it influenced Allame tabataba’i, the role it played in his writing the Al-Mizan and the effect of this phenomenon on the readers of Al-Mizan. The concept of “multilingualism” is different from “ diglossia” and “bilingualism”. Diglossia is the interference of more than one accent in one language, while bilingualism is the interference of two languages. An individual is inherently capable of acquiring language during childhood. Since Allame didn’t learn Arabic in his childhood, so by the time he learnt this language, he didn’t have that inherent ability so that in writing Al-Mizan he faced linguistic challenges. Those challenges were at three levels: morphological, syntactic, and lexical, meaning, the Arabic text of Al-Mizan was influenced by the Persian and the Turkish language under these three linguistic levels. After analysis, it was evident that this challenges cause linguistic complexities. Sometimes these complexities are to the point that the reader doesn’t understand the sentence, or he/she understands the sentences in a way that was not intended by the author. Adopting analytical and descriptive method, the researcher studies the issue of multilingualism, the mindset of the Al-Mizan author and the reason of the linguistic challenges. Therefore, this research doesn’t study the difficulties an Arab encounter in such endeavor, but the influence of first language on the second language.

Committed poets, thinkers and thinkers, people with a precise approach to affairs and with experience and wisdom, their reserves and resources will never allow them to be isolated and indifferent to the events of their surroundings. Undoubtedly, the Wahhabi tragedy that has befallen Muslims since the second half of the 12th century AH was the most important event of the Islamic Ummah. Muslims - of all faiths and religions - have risen up against it and enlightened public opinion through cultural activities such as composing books and publishing poems by poets and with larynxes who sang and sang songs and published poems rejecting Wahhabism. These poems and these words disgraced the suspicions that shook the pillar of Islam and destroyed the pillars of religion, and sometimes with magicians and the wisdom of poetry and sometimes with reason and narration and by using rhetorical aesthetic images and various literary styles for defense. From their beliefs and religion, crush them, and expose their lies. This article seeks to examine and analyze the responses of poets who rejected the Wahhabi ideas for a decisive and concise reason, along with a brief look at the history of the Wahhabi movement

The study of human religion and beliefs reveals truths from their worldview. The study of the spiritual category of "endowment" in the era of Zand (1203-1163 AH) is such facts. Prisoners did not have a unified kingdom and ruled for a short time; But like any historical period, they left a material and spiritual heritage. Scholars and historians of the endowment tradition have paid less attention to the Zand period and noted its lack of prosperity. While there is evidence and documents indicating the prevalence of endowment, endowments and the existence of the Ministry ofendowment in the era of Karim Khan Zand (1193-1163 AH). Lack of various documents is the main obstacle for researchers of this historical period. Therefore, any related document is valuable. An example of a study is the one-piece carpet inscription left over from the Zand era in the National Museum of Iran. The research problem is explicit and implicit exploration of the one-board endowment carpet inscription from the mentioned period, with the approach of enlightenment, part of the situation of endowments of Zand era. The study of the endowment statue in the carpet inscription is the most important goal of this research. The sampling method was improbable. The achievements of this article were the result of library studies and museum observations. The research is qualitative and the research method is descriptive and historical while analyzing documents. The present study was based on the documentary study of the endowment carpet inscription and led to the understanding of the endowment mechanism, components and conditions of the endowment in the mentioned work. The study of the carpet inscription showed the prevalence of the tradition of endowment, endowments and the presence of endowment in the era of Karim Khan Zand. In addition, the carpet inscription narrates the religious beliefs of  benefactor, Taqi Khan Durrani. The carpet inscription in this research is a historical document

The Qajars (1795-1925) should be put among those rulers of Iran that by considering the prevalence of religious religiosity and livelihood, constantly maintained the appearance of religion and paid attention to the prosperity of religious institutions such as endowment and religious consumption of endowment resources. Endowment, the prevalence of which is also affected by the variables of political unrest, was highly regarded by the governing body and the general public during the Qajar period. When Reza Khan came to power, who sought to further weaken the institution of religion in the general sense and reduce the influence of the clergy in the specific sense, the Pahlavi dynasty sought to dominate the financial resources of the endowments as much as possible to increase its financial power and legitimacy and to reduce the financial strength of the rival institution - the clergy. The present study, using the historical contextual approach and also relying on some surviving documents, analyzes and categorizes Reza Khan's actions in dominating the endowments of the Qajar era. This study shows that Reza Khan's domination of the Qajar endowments is, in fact, part of his grand plan to overthrow the clergy and to continue his other challenges with them in the fields of education and justice.

The issue of “self” and “other” is among the most important subjects that the Arabic novel in general and the Iraqi novel in particular have dealt with. These two cases are clearly seen in the text of many texts. Many other American writers have portrayed one in a very violent way, another as a rebel, and another as a posthumous one, which has caused my Arab defeat, repression, and suffering. So self and other are very important issues in imagology. The self of the story is basically a creation of interaction with the world, and looking at me depends on another cognition. One of my most important manifestations of self is presented during attitudes toward the other. Attitude towards another is based on the self’s vision and attitudes through my culture. So the other appears in my mirror. And the questions that occupied our minds: What are my characteristics in this story? And how does the other appear in this story? And what good is it for someone who reads this research from Iran?Sinan Antoon’s novels provided a vast space for my research and that of others. The writer expresses the other in many different ways, just as he illustrates the self in looking at the other. This research studies self and other in the novel Wahdaha Shajarat al-Rumman (The Pomegranate Alone). The results show that the self of the story is illustrated as a Shi'ite Iraqi self, and that the other is a Ba'athist, American, or terrorist.

The manuscripts are among the most important of what is left for us from a legacy that should be revived for its intellectual, litetary and lingual richness. This motivation has prompt us to stand on a number of messages attributed to Ibn Al-Ameed, being a writer of the Fourth Century of the Islamic Calendar, whose name reverberated in the fields of politics and literature, and who left writings and letters that astonish minds and souls. He used assonance, and methods of description and rhetoric, which became a trajectory for the following generations. As for the written manuscripts, on which the two researchers stood, contain structures and sentences similar to the letters of Ibn Al-Ameed, and others dissimilar to them historically and stylistically, which led them to look through historical resources to assertain the names and places mentioned in the literary letters attributed to him. As a result, they concluded that the letters attributed to Ibn Al-Ameed in the manuscript are not his, but of Persian writers who belong to an era not far from ours. However, the two researchers, after going further in the literary and historical resources, could not get the name(s) of the manuscript's writer(s). It would seem that the reason of association was including their own opinions within that of Ibn Al-Ameed to defame his reputation and status.

Deletion of a preposition in Holy Quran is one of the examples of stylistic diversity and the techniques of disobedience from linguistic rules. Holy Quran utilizes this technique that is rich in rhetorical and semantic achievements base on the situation in which the speech is expressed. This research studies the structural rhetoric of preposition omission in some verses of Holy Quran using an analytical descriptive method. The goal is to find an explanation for the effect of proposition deletion on the meaning of the versus. We show that the deletion creates a gap in the phrases by disobeying the linguistic rules, which in turn leads to breaks. However, the deletion enriches the meaning of the phrases and makes them coherent. This guides the skilled audience to interpret multiple meanings. In the whole process, the audience fills the gaps and that in turn makes the phrases consistent while having multifaceted interpretations. The audience, in fact, assumes two or more prepositions and more possibilities. We show that most of the examples of Deletion in Holy Quran can lead to multifaceted interpretations through the assumption of several possible rules for the word deleted in the phrase.

Miracles are among the most important topics about the Quran which began in the second half of the second Islamic century and reached its full potential of growth and maturity by the eighth century. Shamsuddin Fanari is a distinguished figure in the science of the Quranic interpretation and meaning who studied and examined this important subject. Fanari is the author of Ein al-Aayan commentary, covering a mystical approach. In his view, a miracle is an extraordinary phenomenon that is accompanied by challenge without being opposed, different from dignity and precursors. Compared to his predecessors, Fanari applies two novel approaches in his interpretation of miracles; the first for the miracle belonging to the Quran itself, and the second for the one belongs to turning people away from the power of opposition to the Quran, not from the opposition itself despite the power. The results show that Fanari had some new ideas and thoughts, while agreeing with other scholars in the subject of miracles.

The relationship between language and society has preoccupied linguists and philosophers for many years. With the emergence of Halliday’s functional linguistics, impacts of language on society and the dialectic relationship between them have been given more attention. Following this approach, we witnessed the appearance of critical discourse analysis (CDA) which focused on the dialectic relationship between language and society. According to this approach, discourse including the use of language to communicate with others seeks to exert influence on society and culture. While taking some of its elements from the society, the discourse can also affect the society and lead to the emergence of novel culture and worldview. Thus, the comparison of different stages of critical discourse analysis to Surah al-Ikhlas reveals that the discourse of this Surah seeks to create a new ideology in the society aiming to spread a monotheistic view. All words and elements of language in this discourse are consistent with such ideology. In this line, the dialectic connection between discourse and society can be revealed.